Constructivism Constructivism The main underlying assumption of constructivism is that individuals are actively involved right from birth in constructing personal meaning, that is, their own personal understanding from their experience (Williams & Burden, 1997). In other words, everyone makes their own sense of the world and the experiences that surround them. In this way, the …
Information Processing Theory Information processing theory models typically propose three types of memory stores: Sensory Memory: It is capable of holding information only very briefly. Short-term Memory: A short-term memory includes working memory, where information is held for a short but sufficient period of time to enable processing to take place. Working Memory: Working memory …
Language Learning Strategies Language Learning Strategies They are mental and communicative procedures learners use in order to learn and use language. Strategies can help the students to increase their level of consciousness and awareness over their learning process. Learning strategies are perhaps best defined in terms of a set of characteristics that figure in most …
English Negotiation | Extroversion vs. Introversion English Negotiation | Extroversion vs. Introversion Watch this video on YouTube Topic for Negotiation: Introverted people are more successful in gaining financial independence in comparison to the extroverted. Arash disagrees. Dr. Hariri agrees. About Negotiation of Meaning: Negotiation of meaning is a useful and practical activity based on skill …
Validity Validity The two scholars who proposed the concept of validity were Cronbach and Meehl (1950s). Messick changed the way in which we understand validity. He described validity as: An integrated evaluative judgement of the degree to which empirical evidence and theoretical rationales support the adequacy and appropriateness of inferences and actions based on test …
English Negotiation | Childhood vs. Adulthood English Negotiation | Childhood vs. Adulthood Watch this video on YouTube Topic for Negotiation: Adulthood (after puberty) is a better period in comparison to childhood (before puberty). Arash disagrees. Dr. Hariri agrees. About Negotiation of Meaning: Negotiation of meaning is a useful and practical activity based on skill integration …
IELTS Essay Sample 89 | Public Transport IELTS Essay Sample 89 | Public Transport IELTS Essay Sample 89 | Public Transport Your essay should include at least 250 words. You should spend approximately 40 minutes on this task. In this task, your ability to respond to a topic, generate relevant ideas, outline problems and offer …
Reliability Reliability The key feature of this important trait requires the standardization of administration and tasks as well as scoring. Reliability is the consistency of test scores across facets of the test. Independent items or tasks in a single test should correlate with each other and the test-total score. That is, there is an assumption …
Universal Grammar Universal grammar may be thought of as some system of principles common to the species and available to each individual prior to experience. Universal Grammar might be defined as the study of the conditions that must be met by the grammars of all human languages. In a highly idealized picture of language acquisition, …
IELTS Speaking Test Sample 16 IELTS Speaking Test Sample 16 with a podcast The International English Language Testing System or IELTS /ˈaɪ.ɛlts/, is an international standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers. It is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and Cambridge English Language Assessment, and was established …