Oral Oral (adj & noun) /ˈɔː.rəl/ US /ˈɔːr.əl/ adj: related to the mouth – spoken – verbal – verbalized – voiced: Jack’s hand was broken. So, he took the oral version of the written examination. Antonym written Parts of speech Adverb: orally
Indirect Speech Indirect speech, unlike direct speech in English, is used to report what somebody has said or thought in a particular situation. Pay attention to the following examples: Watch this video about indirect speech: Watch this video on YouTube Direct speech: She said, “I’m deeply upset about the way my father treated me.” Indirect …
English Webinar on IELTS Speaking English Webinar on IELTS Speaking Transcript of this webinar on IELTS speaking The IELTS Speaking section is the same in both Academic and General modules of the IELTS exam. The format of the IELTS Speaking test: It’s not a computer-based exam. It’s technically a face-to-face interview with the IELTS examiner. Keep in mind …
Classroom Ethnography Classroom ethnography involves the kind of detailed descriptive work advocated by Johnson. They emphasise the importance of obtaining multiple perspectives through triangulation. Watson-Gegeo distinguished four approaches to classroom ethnography: Ethnography of communication Micro-ethnography Discourse analysis Critical ethnography The ethnography of communication has its origins in anthropology and, in particular, in the work of …
Language Making Capacity Language Making Capacity Slobin proposes a ‘language making capacity’ (LMC). Like Chomsky’s Language Faculty, the LMC contains universal principles. Unlike the principles of Chomsky’s Language Faculty, these are ‘Operating Principles’ (OP), i.e., principles specifically for working inductively on the physical acoustic stimulus for a specific language to which children are exposed. The …
Output Hypothesis Output Hypothesis Swain’s Comprehensible Output Hypothesis emphasises the importance of consciousness, both in terms of learners’ noticing gaps in their interlanguage and developing metalinguistic awareness. The comprehensible output hypothesis constitutes an important addition to work on the role of interaction in L2 acquisition. In other words, output contributes to acquisition. It is in …
Lateralization Lateralization argues that the location of language functions is fixed in one of the brain’s two hemispheres, usually the left one. Cerebral lateralisation or cerebral dominance refers to the differential proficiency of the cerebral hemispheres for the acquisition, performance and control of certain specific neurological functions. Infants as young as four days show a …
Competence Competence corresponds to the I-language (Internal Language). Competency is the speaker/hearer’s knowledge of his language. It’s an abstract version of knowledge. Competency is independent of situation. It represent what the speaker knows in the abstract. The different types of competence are: grammatical competency, linguistic competency, communicative competency, pragmatic competency, Communicative Competency: Discourse Competency: The …
Speech Acts Speech acts are carried out over various turns and their exact shape takes into account interlocutor reactions. In other words, conversation is co-constructed by both interlocutors, which is something that can never be simulated with DCTs. Speech acts are certainly the most researched area of pragmatics, and they are arguably the most social, …
Infants’ Language Learning | TESL Issues Infants’ Language Learning | TESL Issues All normal children appear to contain within themselves the ability to create a language in spite of wide variations in experience. External auditory simulation is available to the fetus, although attenuated. Mother’s voice is a prominent sound in the amniotic environment, experience with …