Output Hypothesis Output Hypothesis Swain’s Comprehensible Output Hypothesis emphasises the importance of consciousness, both in terms of learners’ noticing gaps in their interlanguage and developing metalinguistic awareness. The comprehensible output hypothesis constitutes an important addition to work on the role of interaction in L2 acquisition. In other words, output contributes to acquisition. It is in …
Lateralization Lateralization argues that the location of language functions is fixed in one of the brain’s two hemispheres, usually the left one. Cerebral lateralisation or cerebral dominance refers to the differential proficiency of the cerebral hemispheres for the acquisition, performance and control of certain specific neurological functions. Infants as young as four days show a …
Competence Competence corresponds to the I-language (Internal Language). Competency is the speaker/hearer’s knowledge of his language. It’s an abstract version of knowledge. Competency is independent of situation. It represent what the speaker knows in the abstract. The different types of competence are: grammatical competency, linguistic competency, communicative competency, pragmatic competency, Communicative Competency: Discourse Competency: The …
Speech Acts Speech acts are carried out over various turns and their exact shape takes into account interlocutor reactions. In other words, conversation is co-constructed by both interlocutors, which is something that can never be simulated with DCTs. Speech acts are certainly the most researched area of pragmatics, and they are arguably the most social, …
Infants’ Language Learning | TESL Issues Infants’ Language Learning | TESL Issues All normal children appear to contain within themselves the ability to create a language in spite of wide variations in experience. External auditory simulation is available to the fetus, although attenuated. Mother’s voice is a prominent sound in the amniotic environment, experience with …
Pragmatics Pragmatics refers to the field of study where linguistic features are considered in relation to users of the language. Researchers have investigated what speakers accomplish when they perform utterances in terms of (1) interactional acts, and (2) speech acts. Interactional acts give structure to the discourse by ensuring that one utterance leads smoothly to …
Giving Lectures | A Presentation in English Giving Lectures | A Presentation in English Watch this video on YouTube LELB Lecturer: Arash Questions about the Presentation: Have you ever given a lecture before a large audience? What kind of sentences are you supposed to use so that your attendees could communicate with you more effectively? …
How to Give a Significant Presentation How to Give a Significant Presentation Write the script of your lecture in advance and rehearse your presentation several times before your main speech. This technique gives you an abundance of confidence, especially if you are a beginner. You can also prepare handouts for your presentation and distribute them …
English grammar lesson on reported speech with simple and clear examples Part A It is not always necessary to change the verb in reported speech. If the situation is still the same, you do not need to change the verb to the past. For example: Direct: John said ‘My new job is boring.’ Reported: John …
An English grammar lesson on reported speech with many simple examples Reported speech in English Study this example situations on reported speech. Mike said ‘I’m feeling ill.’ Or you can use reported speech: Mike said that he was feeling ill. In writing, we use these quotation marks to show direct speech. reported Mike said that …