Dr. Mohammad Hossein Hariri Asl
Direct Quotations in APA Style Direct quotations in APA Style obey some special rules that are discussed in this article. Give page numbers for direct quotes. E.g., Smith (1978) noted that “the world is round” (p. 5). While using et al., you should use a plural verb because et al. in Latin means and others.…
Research Questions Research Questions and their delicate specifications: Each research question should have a tentative response. Research questions are the questions for which answers are being sought. The questions are built on one another. In other words, the questions must be interrelated and not distinctly separated from each other. They should not be formulated as…
Abstract Writing An abstract is a very important part of your research project that comes after the title page and gives a general view of your entire research. In other words, it lays the foundation of your study. The following are some crucial points to consider in order to develop an effective abstract based on…
Results Results Section Start chapter 4 with restatement of the problem Use past tense to record what you found. The results are a straightforward description of your statistical or qualitative analyses and findings. In this stage, you should not elaborate on findings. Later on, (in Discussion section), you can go into the details. In Results…
In-text citations in APA Style In-text citations in APA Style If you use something second hand, you must make it clear. The following examples are intended to clarify this point: Some fact (Smith, as cited in Jones, 1982): You are citing an author indirectly as you don’t have the exact source of the author. Instead,…
Problem Statement Problem Statement is a crucial section of your research project. Pay attention to the principal specifications of this part of your research listed below: The Problem means a perplexing question. This is a sentence that states your goal and the main idea of your research. The problem should be clearly stated. Each word…
Grounded Theory Grounded theory is a quantitative research design in which the investigator moves beyond description and attempts to generate or discover a theory, an abstract analytical schema of a process, action or interaction (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). This theory-development does not come ‘off the shelf’ but rather is generated or ‘grounded’ in data from…
Case Study Case study research involves the study of an issue explored through one or more cases within a bounded system (a setting or context). Case study research is a qualitative approach in which the investigator explores a bounded system (case) or multiple bounded systems (cases) over time through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple…
Instrumentation Instrumentation or the methods of data collection: Do not purposely start a new page for this section. Type the words ‘Instrument and Data Collection Procedure’ flush with the left margin and italicize them. For a qualitative study to be successful and effective, it should achieve the following three elements: (1) internal validity or credibility,…
Keywords in APA Style Keywords in APA Style You need to include several keywords in your manuscript, immediately after the abstract of your paper. Italicize and capitalize the word “Keywords” followed by a colon. Then after a space, start writing your keywords and separate them with commas. For instance: Keywords: computer-assisted language learning, interactivity, social…