Communicative Language Testing Communicative Language Testing The advent of communicative language testing saw a growing preference for face-to-face interaction as the context in which the assessment of spoken language skills would occur. In communicative language testing, the target of test inferences is performance of a set of communicative tasks in various contexts of use. The…
Classroom Assessment Classroom Assessment According to Brookhart, in classroom assessment, assessment and learning are integrated within the classroom. She sees this in terms of Vygotsky’s (1978) notion of the zone of proximal development, or that space between what the individual can accomplish independently and what he/she can do with assistance. Personal knowledge of the learner…
Evidence-Centered Design Evidence-centered Design was developed by Mislevy. It is important that we see the tasks or items that we design for tests as part of a larger picture, and one approach to doing this in a systematic way is ECD, a methodology for test design and construction developed at Educational Testing Service (ETS). ECD is…
Validity Validity The two scholars who proposed the concept of validity were Cronbach and Meehl (1950s). Messick changed the way in which we understand validity. He described validity as: An integrated evaluative judgement of the degree to which empirical evidence and theoretical rationales support the adequacy and appropriateness of inferences and actions based on test…
Reliability Reliability The key feature of this important trait requires the standardization of administration and tasks as well as scoring. Reliability is the consistency of test scores across facets of the test. Independent items or tasks in a single test should correlate with each other and the test-total score. That is, there is an assumption…
Scholastic Assessment Tests | An IELTS Essay Sample Scholastic Assessment Tests | An IELTS Essay Sample IELTS Writing Task 2 Your essay should include at least 250 words. You should spend approximately 40 minutes on this task. In this task, your ability to respond to a topic, generate relevant ideas, outline problems and offer solutions…
Formative Assessment | An IELTS Essay Sample Formative Assessment | An IELTS Essay Sample Topic Nowadays, scholars in the field of education contend that formative assessment (as opposed to summative assessment), in which more consideration is given to the lengthy process of learning rather than final examinations, should be applied to academic education. What is…
Final Examinations | An IELTS Essay Sample Final Examinations | An IELTS Essay Sample Topic: Some scholars and educationists maintain that final examinations must be replaced with continuous assessment to encourage the students to be active during the term. Some others believe that final examinations are the best way to evaluate the students’ competency. Write…
IELTS – TOEFL Preparation Course | Session 5 Writing Task Topic: Some scholars and educationists maintain that final examinations must be replaced with continuous assessment to encourage the students to be active during the term. Some others believe that final examinations are the best way to evaluate the students’ competency. Write an argumentative essay on…
Some important information about the IELTS Writing Section for IELTS candidates to consider IELTS Writing Section Task 1 In Task 1 of the IELTS Academic Test, you should write a summary of at least 150 words, eliciting the information reflected in a particular graph (bar, line or pie graph), table, chart, or process (how something…