Form-Focused Instruction Form-Focused Instruction Traditionally, language pedagogy has emphasized form-focused instruction. The Grammar-Translation Method and the Audiolingual Method both involve attempts to teach learners grammar, differing only in how this is to be accomplished (Ellis, 1997). Form-focused Instruction is in contrast with ‘naturalistic learning’. It intends to examine whether instruction could change the natural order…
Universal Grammar Universal grammar may be thought of as some system of principles common to the species and available to each individual prior to experience. Universal Grammar might be defined as the study of the conditions that must be met by the grammars of all human languages. In a highly idealized picture of language acquisition,…
Input Hypothesis Input Hypothesis Krashen’s Input Hypothesis explicitly rejects a role for consciousness, claiming that “acquisition” is a subconscious process. Krashen assumed a ‘language acquisition device’, that is, an innate mental structure capable of handling both first and second language acquisition. The input activates this innate structure. But only input of a very specific kind…
Essay Writing in English Essay Writing and Paragraph Development in English Writing In order to have some technical information about essay writing, first you need to know what writing is all about. Writing is a method of human intercommunication by means of arbitrary visual signs (letters, symbols, etc.) that form a system. Writing can be…
English Conjunctions and Their Functions English Conjunctions and Their Functions What are conjunctions? English conjunctions are words or sets of words that are used to join sentences or parts of sentences smoothly together. If you plan to write English essays, you need to know how to use conjunctions effectively. There are three types of conjunctions…
An English grammar lesson on reported speech with many simple examples Reported speech in English Study this example situations on reported speech. Mike said ‘I’m feeling ill.’ Or you can use reported speech: Mike said that he was feeling ill. In writing, we use these quotation marks to show direct speech. reported Mike said that…
Audiolingualism in second language learning After Grammar Translation Method, audiolingualism emerged in the late 1950s and 1960s. This method is very popular even today, based on the foundation of drill-based techniques and exercises. Based on the theory of learning “behaviorism”, which viewed all learning as a process of forming habits. Language learning is basically a…
Grammar lesson on will be doing and will have done with examples for ESL students Study this example situation: These people are standing in a queue to get into the cinema. Half an hour from now, the cinema will be full. Everyone will be watching the film. Three hours from now, the cinema will be…