Empirical definition in real context with synonyms and illustrations about experimentation from the book, 601 Words You Need to Know to Pass Your Exam. Learn the word, empirical, in authentic context with images. /ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl/ (adj) Empirical definition on the basis of objective experimentation, observation and what is experienced as opposed to bare theory, experimental, practical,…
Non Sequitur 601 Words You Need to Know to Pass Your Exam in real context with synonyms, images and antonyms and in authentic passages and examples for GRE & SAT candidates and advanced learners of English /ˌnɒnˈsek.wɪ.təʳ/ (noun) Definition a statement or conclusion which is not logically supported by evidence or is completely incongruous or…
Evidence 504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 11 with synonyms, antonyms and parts of speech for GRE, TOEFL & IELTS students in real contexts and authentic examples /ˈev.ɪ.dəns/ (noun) documents and facts to prove or disprove something, verification, data, substantiation, testimony, corroboration, affirmation, attestation, confirmation, proof, indication To gain a conviction in countries where the rule…
Document 504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 9 with synonyms, antonyms and parts of speech for GRE, TOEFL & IELTS in real context /ˈdɒk.jʊ.mənt/ (noun & verb) written official information or data on papers or on a computer, evidence, dossier, text, file, manuscript, contract, paper, report, record, certificate, legal agreement, indenture – to record or store…
Child Language Acquisition Child Language Acquisition Cromer concludes that experience stimulates language organisational processes and that these affect other linguistic structures that are internally related. The children appeared to be building their own grammars in their own way, without direct positive or negative evidence as to what was right or wrong. Children are creative, selective…
Interaction Hypothesis Interaction Hypothesis Long’s Interaction Hypothesis, especially the updated version, claims that learners do need to pay conscious attention to form in order to benefit from negotiated interaction. The origins of Long’s Interaction Hypothesis lies partly in Hatch’s work on discourse analysis and L2 acquisition and partly in Krashen’s Input Hypothesis. Hatch claims that…
Test Specifications Test specifications – usually called ‘specs’ – are generative explanatory documents for the creation of test tasks. Specs tell us the nuts and bolts of how to phrase the test items, how to structure the test layout, how to locate the passage, and how to make a host of difficult choices as we…
Evidence-Centered Design Evidence-centered Design was developed by Mislevy. It is important that we see the tasks or items that we design for tests as part of a larger picture, and one approach to doing this in a systematic way is ECD, a methodology for test design and construction developed at Educational Testing Service (ETS). ECD is…
Error Analysis Error Analysis (EA) The history of error analysis dates back from the late 1960s. Corder spelt out the theoretical rationale and empirical procedures for carrying out an error analysis. Corder noted that errors provided the researcher with evidence of who language was learnt, and also that they served as devices by which the…
Validity Validity The two scholars who proposed the concept of validity were Cronbach and Meehl (1950s). Messick changed the way in which we understand validity. He described validity as: An integrated evaluative judgement of the degree to which empirical evidence and theoretical rationales support the adequacy and appropriateness of inferences and actions based on test…