Tables in APA Style Tables in APA Tables are used to prepare quantitative data, statistics, and analyses in a format that makes them easy to understand and facilitates comparisons. APA style tables do not contain any vertical lines. Type the table number and then (on the next double-spaced line) type the table number flush left…
Phenomenological Research Phenomenological Research is a kind of qualitative research. It’s a qualitative research. It describes the meaning for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or phenomenon. Phenomenologists focus on describing what all participants have in common as they experience a phenomenon. The purpose of phenomenology is to reduce individual experiences with…
Research Hypotheses Research hypotheses are based on observations or on what the literature suggests the answers to research questions might be. There may be times when, because of a lack of relevant literature, hypotheses cannot be generated because the researcher is dealing with new and/or unexpected areas. So their presence is not obligatory. They should…
Literature Review Literature Review You should always take a notebook to collect citations and quotations from as many sources as you can in support of the validity of your project. The more you have references, the more credit you give to your work. In this regard, it is imperative to keep a record of the…
IELTS Speaking Test Sample 13 IELTS Speaking Test Sample 13 Watch this video on YouTube Part 1: Introduction Get ready to answer some personal questions about yourself. Please note that the entire interview is recorded. This is a dialogue or two-way conversation between you and the examiner. Time: 4 to 5 Minutes Questions: Well, as…
Results Results Section Start chapter 4 with restatement of the problem Use past tense to record what you found. The results are a straightforward description of your statistical or qualitative analyses and findings. In this stage, you should not elaborate on findings. Later on, (in Discussion section), you can go into the details. In Results…
Instrumentation Instrumentation or the methods of data collection: Do not purposely start a new page for this section. Type the words ‘Instrument and Data Collection Procedure’ flush with the left margin and italicize them. For a qualitative study to be successful and effective, it should achieve the following three elements: (1) internal validity or credibility,…
Activity Theory Activity Theory was developed by a group of Russian psychologists called the Kharkovites, of which the best known is A. N. Leont’ev. This theory was a development of Vygotskian theory. Lantolf described it as “a unified account of Vygotsky’s original proposals on the nature and development of human behavior”. Leontiev proposed that people…
Chaos Theory Chaos theory was developed from the 1960s work of the meteorologist, Edward Lorenz. Lorenz discovered that a very small difference (less than one part in one thousand) in the initial conditions led to large changes in the weather predicted by his model over time. A chaos is included in a larger phenomenon, that…
Complexity Theory Complexity theory is closely linked to chaos theory. Complex systems are random, nonlinear, unpredictable, self-organising, and subject to ‘strange attractor’, (i.e. they home in on a pattern that determines the boundaries of the phenomenon). Language and L2 acquisition are best viewed as complex systems. Larsen-Freeman identified a number of features of L2 acquisition…