Current TESL issues (Teaching English as a Second Language) in an interactive fashion enriched with distinctive keywords and tags and comment forms to discuss the issues
Direct Quotations in APA Style Direct quotations in APA Style obey some special rules that are discussed in this article. Give page numbers for direct quotes. E.g., Smith (1978) noted that “the world is round” (p. 5). While using et al., you should use a plural verb because et al. in Latin means and others. …
Input Hypothesis Input Hypothesis Krashen’s Input Hypothesis explicitly rejects a role for consciousness, claiming that “acquisition” is a subconscious process. Krashen assumed a ‘language acquisition device’, that is, an innate mental structure capable of handling both first and second language acquisition. The input activates this innate structure. But only input of a very specific kind …
Construct in Psychology Construct is a term used in psychology to label underlying skills or attributes. A construct is an explanatory device, so-called because it is a theoretical construction about the nature of human behavior. In test development, the construct being assessed is defined before the test is developed; this is to make sure that …
Research Questions Research Questions and their delicate specifications: Each research question should have a tentative response. Research questions are the questions for which answers are being sought. The questions are built on one another. In other words, the questions must be interrelated and not distinctly separated from each other. They should not be formulated as …
Abstract Writing An abstract is a very important part of your research project that comes after the title page and gives a general view of your entire research. In other words, it lays the foundation of your study. The following are some crucial points to consider in order to develop an effective abstract based on …
Manuscript of Your Study The manuscript of your paper is the first draft that you submit to a journal for publication. It is strongly recommended that you pay special attention to some points before submitting your manuscript to any journal. If you plan to gain academic credits, it is better to publish your studies in …
Teacher Education in SLA or second language acquisition Teacher education L2 teacher education is, at its core, about teachers as learners of teaching, understanding the cognitive and social processes that teachers go through as they learn to teach is foundational to informing what we do in L2 teacher education (Johnson, 2009, p. 3). Teacher education …
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are two key drivers in second language acquisition. Here’s how they differ for learners: Intrinsic Motivation: Comes from within the learner, fueled by personal enjoyment and interest in the language itself. Examples: Fascination with a new culture, desire to connect with native speakers, love of linguistic challenges. Learners are more likely …
Instrumental motivation in SLA or second language acquisition Instrumental Motivation Instrumental motivation is also a component of Gardner’s socio-educational model; it is important to recognize that it can work in conjunction with, rather than in opposition to, integrative motivation. It refers to the motivation that derives from a perception of the concrete benefits that learning …
Integrative motivation in SLA or second language acquisition Integrative Motivation Dörnyei (2005) pointed out that the term ‘integrative motivation’ has often been misunderstood and suggested that this is because the term ‘integrative’ figures in three separate, distinct, but related constructs: ‘integrative orientation’, ‘integrativeness’, and ‘the integrative motive/motivation’. Integrative Motivation can be defined as involving three …