The important factor of motivation in second language learning Motivation in second language learning Gardner’s Socio-Educational Model (with integrative motivation the key construct) was the dominant theory in early motivation research. A social-psychological factor frequently used to account for differential success in learning a second language is motivation. This has an intuitive appeal. It makes…
Noticing Hypothesis in second language learning Noticing Hypothesis Schmidt (1990) claimed that attention to input is a conscious process. He viewed noticing (i.e. registering formal features in the input) and noticing the gap (i.e. identifying how the input to which the learner is expected differs from the output the learner is able to generate) as…
Zone of Proximal Development or ZPD in second language learning from a sociolinguistic point of view Zone of Proximal Development The Actual Developmental Level: According to Vygotsky (1978, p. 85), it is the level of development of the child’s mental functions that has been established as a result of certain already completed developmental cycles. The…
Learning-centered method in second language learning, which is one of the three dimensions of ‘language teaching methods’. Learning-centered method Learning-centered methods are those that are principally concerned with cognitive processes of language learning. These methods such as the Natural Approach seek to provide opportunities for learners to participate in open-ended meaningful interaction through problem-solving tasks in…
Cognitive development in children proposed by Piaget, a Swiss psychologists Cognitive Development Cognitive Development was proposed by Piaget (1896-1980), a Swiss psychologist. Jean Piaget offered an essentially rationalist perspective, documenting the insufficiency of an empiricist interpretation of experience (Piaget, 1980, p. 23). Sensory Motor Stage: Piaget’s theory is based on learners passing through a series…
Discourse analysis and pragmatics in second language acquisition Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics Discourse analysis serves as a device for systematically describing the kinds of interactions that occur in language classrooms. Drawing on initial work on content classrooms by Bellack (1966) and by the Birmingham School of linguistics (Sinclair & Coulthard (1975) discourse analysts give attention…
What is learner-centered method in second language learning and teaching Learner-centered Method Learner-centered method is principally concerned with learner needs, wants, and situations. These methods such as Communicative Language Teaching seek to provide opportunities for learners to practice preselected, presequenced linguistic structures and communicative notions/functions through meaning-focused activities, assuming that a preoccupation with form and…
English essay on dreams written by LELB Society students to practice writing for IELTS and TOEFL Essay topic on dreams When you sleep, you dream about many different things. Psychologists assert that your dreams can be interpreted and analyzed to account for your real desires, wishes and even psychological complexes. First, make it clear whether…
English essay on crying in pubic and in front of others written by LELB Society students to practice writing Essay topic on crying in public Some people believe that crying in front of others is a sign of weakness. However, psychologists assert that crying is not an unusual human behavior even if it is in…
Communicative Language Teaching in the realm of second language learning and teaching Important points about communicative language teaching Communicative Language Teaching was established in the late 1970s and early 1980s in opposition to ‘cognitive code’ proposed by Chomsky in his theory ‘Generative Grammar, 1960’. Authenticity of language learning: All of the activities are on the…