Acculturation Model Acculturation model is one of the aspects of ‘language-culture connection. Schumann’s Acculturation Model was established to account for the acquisition of L2 by immigrants in majority language settings. It specifically excludes learners who receive formal instruction. In this response, Schumann states, “… second language acquisition is just one aspect of acculturation and the …
Foreigner Talk Foreigner Talk The three functions of foreigner talk can be identified: It promotes communication through simplifying utterances and making them easier to process or clarifying what has been said. It signals, implicitly or explicitly, speakers’ attitudes towards their interlocutors. It can create an affective bond between the native speaker and non-native speaker. It …
Establishing Relationships English Vocabulary for IELTS and TOEFL The Outline of This Lesson on Establishing Relationships English Vocabulary What is a relationship? Human beings are social creatures, and most of us yearn for close relationships with other people. Relationships require a lot of work and a lot of communication, but it can still be hard to …
Mind-Body Connection IELTS Listening Reading Practice Watch this video on YouTube Mind-Body Connection IELTS Listening Reading Practice Lecturer, author or publisher: Maryam Alimardani on TED-Ed Mind-Body Connection IELTS Reading Practice The Rubber Hand Illusion Look at your hand. How do you know it’s really yours? It seems obvious unless you’ve experienced the rubber hand illusion. In this experiment, a …
English Presentation Difficult People English Presentation Difficult People Watch this video on YouTube LELB Lecturer: Sasan Handout Provided by the Lecturer How to deal with difficult people? What would be your response if you encountered difficult people? Is it acceptable to be always flexible in front of difficult people? How can we practice patience in case …
Inter-group Theory Inter-group Theory Giles and Byrne identified a number of factors that contribute to a group’s ‘ethnolinguistic vitality’—the key construct in the theory. They then discussed the conditions under which subordinate group members (e.g. immigrants or members of an ethnic minority) are most likely to acquire native-like proficiency in the dominant group’s language. These …
Interaction Hypothesis Interaction Hypothesis Long’s Interaction Hypothesis, especially the updated version, claims that learners do need to pay conscious attention to form in order to benefit from negotiated interaction. The origins of Long’s Interaction Hypothesis lies partly in Hatch’s work on discourse analysis and L2 acquisition and partly in Krashen’s Input Hypothesis. Hatch claims that …
Output Hypothesis Output Hypothesis Swain’s Comprehensible Output Hypothesis emphasises the importance of consciousness, both in terms of learners’ noticing gaps in their interlanguage and developing metalinguistic awareness. The comprehensible output hypothesis constitutes an important addition to work on the role of interaction in L2 acquisition. In other words, output contributes to acquisition. It is in …
Conversation Analysis Conversation Analysis Like ‘discourse analysis’, Conversational Analysis provides a tool for conducting micro-analyses of classroom discourse and, in particular, for examining the sequential development of classroom talk. CA derives from a branch of sociology-ethnomethodology. Seedhouse identified five key principles of this method of enquiry: Indexicality, i.e. the use that interactants make of shared …
Communicative Language Testing Communicative Language Testing The advent of communicative language testing saw a growing preference for face-to-face interaction as the context in which the assessment of spoken language skills would occur. In communicative language testing, the target of test inferences is performance of a set of communicative tasks in various contexts of use. The …